新作坊 Humanity Innovation and Social Practice

How nation‐states respond to immigration and ethnic diversity

摘要：

Large scale migrations since 1945 have led to major changes in the ethnic composition of most highly‐developed countries. Nations have responded in a variety of ways, which have helped determine patterns of ethnic group formation. This article suggest a typology of policy models: the differential exclusion model, the assimilation model, and the pluralist model. Examples are discussed for each model. The models are then linked to different historical patterns of nation‐state formation. The differential exclusion model, which is based on the desire to prevent permanent settlement, has proved very hard to maintain because it leads to social tension and because it contradicts the democratic principle of including all members of civil society in the nation‐state. Countries applying the assimilation model have generally moved to a mixed approach, embodying some elements of the pluralist model. This has led to difficulties, because of contradictions between explicit goals and actual policies. Pluralist approaches vary according to the degree of state intervention in settlement and community relations. On the whole they have proved most successful in incorporating immigrants into society.